Arctic LTER Database

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Shaver, G. 1989. Above ground biomass in acidic tussock tundra experimental site, 1989, Arctic LTER, Toolik, Alaska. Arctic LTER, Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, Ma 02543. 1989gsttbm http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/arc/terrest/biomass/index.shtml 

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Data sets were provided by the Arctic LTER. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants #DEB-981022, 9211775, 8702328; #OPP-9911278, 9911681, 9732281, 9615411, 9615563, 9615942, 9615949, 9400722, 9415411, 9318529; #BSR 9019055, 8806635, 8507493.

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Dataset URLs:	METADATA: HTML, Rich Text, XML(EML compliant) DATA: Comma Delimited, Excel file with Metadata and data
Dataset ID:	2012_GS_ITEX_CHFluxData.02
Dataset Title:	Individual chamber flux measurements from 14 flux whole-canopy shrub plots sampled near the shrub LTER sites at Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summer 2012.
Investigator 1:
First Name:	Gaius
Last Name:	Shaver
Organization:	Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory
Address line 2:	7 MBL Street
Address line 3:
City:	Woods Hole
State:	MA
Zip Code:	02543
Country:	United States
Investigator 2:
First Name:	Edward
Last Name:	Rastetter
Organization:	Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory
Address line 2:	7 MBL Street
City:	Woods Hole
State:	MA
Zip Code:	02543
Country:	United States
Investigator 3:
First Name:	Mathew
Last Name:	Williams
Organization:	University of Edinburgh
Address line 2:	School of Geosciences
City:	Edinburgh
State:
Zip Code:	EH9 EJU
Country:	United Kingdom
Investigator 4:
First Name:	James
Last Name:	Laundre
Organization:	Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory
Address line 2:	7 MBL Street
Address line 3:
City:	Woods Hole
Zip Code:	02543
Country:	United States
Investigator 5:
First Name:	Laura
Last Name:	van der Pol
Organization:	Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory
Address line 2:	7 MBL Street
City:	Woods Hole
State:	MA
Zip Code:	02543
Country:	United States
Associate Investigators:
Keywords:	photosynthesis; shrub canopy, chamber flux measurement; direct light, diffuse light fraction
Abstract:	“Flux data” contains the CO2 and water flux data along with the corresponding diffuse light fraction at the time of measurement from the ITEX shrub canopy project taken at Toolik Lake, Alaska in 2012. Each record is a single LiCor flux measurement made with LiCor 6400 photosynthesis system, with associated average pressure, temperature, PAR, water vapor, and other data such as NDVI and LAI measurements taken with a DeltaT SunScan wand under both direct and diffuse light conditions.
For questions about the Metadata and data contact the Investigators. For information about this web site contact:	Arctic LTER Information Manager The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Lab 7 MBL St Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone (508) 289 7496 Email: arc_im@mbl.edu Online URL: http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/
DATA FILE INFORMATION:
Data File URL	http://metacat.lternet.edu/das/dataAccessServlet?docid=knb-lter-arc.10151&urlTail=terrest/tracegas/data/2012_GS_ITEX_CHFluxData.csv
Data File Name	2012_GS_ITEX_CHFluxData
Beginning Date	6/23/2012
End Date	8/7/2012
Number of Data Records	569
Other Files to Reference	2012_GS_ITEX_BF3_DiffuseLightData; 012_GS_ITEX_CH_SoilData; 2012_GS_ITEX_CHFluxData; 2012_GS_ITEX_LC_ParameterSummary; 2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight; 2012_GS_ITEX_PercentCover; 2012_GS_ITEX_CHN_Data; 2012_GS_ITEX_PF_LAISummary; 2012_GS_ITEX_RawPinDrop_Data; 2012_GS_ITEX_ShootACiData; 2012_GS_ITEX_ShootHarvestData; 2012_GS_ITEX_ShrubCanopy_DailyLogger; 2012_GS_ITEX_InstantLogger; 2012_GS_ITEX_SunScan_LAI; 2012_GS_ITEX_SunScan_PAR; 2012_GS_PFandCH_GPS; 2012_GS_ITEX_PF_ShootLightCurve; 2003-2004gsfluxleafN; 2003-2009gscurveparameters; 2003-2009gsflux; 2003-2009gsGPSandveg; 2003-2009gsharvestLAI-N; 2003-2009gsspecieslist; 2004-2009gscoverft; 2004-2009gscoversp;
Availability Status	1
Quality Control Information	For measurements with a linear change in CO2 (r2>0.97), NEP is calculated from the last 45 seconds of the measurement. [The first 12 seconds of data were always discarded as the LiCor 6400 bases its flux calculations on 10sec averages.] When abnormalities in CO2 slope were observed due to leaks, very small changes in CO2, or changes in light levels, certain portions of the measurement were discaded. CO2 slope was always taken from contiguous data points (i.e. points were never removed from the middle of the measurement period)
Maintenance Description	This was a season-long project, though it followed similar methods to ITEX projects performed starting in 2003 that are likely to be replicated in the future for reasearch at the Toolik Field Station, AK.
Log of Changes:	Updated Metadata sheet
	Version 2: Updated metadata to newer version (with sites sheet). CH April 2013.
	Version 3: Corrected missing value to reflex upper and lower letter case of value. JimL 17May13

RESEARCH LOCATION:
Location Name	LTER Shrub Block 1	LTER Shrub Block 2	Select Site or enter New One	Select Site or enter New One	Select Site or enter New One	Select Site or enter New One	Select Site or enter New One	Select Site or enter New One
Geographic Description	Upland site; co-located in Block 1 of the Shrub LTER sites; IVO 68° 38'18.8" N, 149° 34' 07.2" W +/- 50m. Except for plots marked "FERT", plots are outside of the designated LTER treatments, though are exposed to the same environmental conditions. All plots were chosen by the dominant shrub canopy (either Salix pulchraor Betula nana) and preferentially selected to be 90cm+ in height.	Outlet site; co-located in Block 2 of the Shrub LTER sites; IVO 68° 38'008.1" N, 149° 35' 017.1" W +/- 50m. Except for plots marked "FERT", plots are outside of the designated LTER treatments, though are exposed to the same environmental conditions. All plots were chosen by the dominant shrub canopy (either Salix pulchraor Betula nana) and preferentially selected to be 90cm+ in height.	Enter Description	Enter Description	Enter Description	Enter Description	Enter Description	Enter Description
Location Bounding Box
West Bounding Coordinate
East Bounding Coordinate
North Bounding Coordinate
South Bounding Coordinate
OR if single point location
Latitude	68.6385555555555	68.6355833333333	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees
Longitude	-149.568666666666	-149.588083333333	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees	In Decimal Degrees
Elevation	747 m	730 m	In Meters	In Meters	In Meters	In Meters	In Meters	In Meters
Link to Google Map	View on Google Map	View on Google Map

TAXONOMIC COVERAGE:
Organisms studied	Betula nana; Salix pulchra; Salix glauca
Methods:	CHAMBER FLUX MEASUREMENTS CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured using a Licor 6400 photosynthesis system (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) connected to a 1m x 1m plexiglass chamber in canopies dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana shrub species. The height of the chamber varied depending on the height of the canopy being measured; chamber bases were constructed of PVC pipe to accomodate canopies with heights up to 125 cm. In addition to the plexiglass chamber, we also constructed a plexiglass "sleeve" that could extend the height of the rigid portion of the chamber by 0.25m. To set up each chamber, a location was chosen where the base would be level enough to ensure a complete seal with the plexiglass chamber and shrub branches could be moved either in or out of the chamber without creating large gaps in the canopy inside the chamber. Branches were included within the chamber if they were rooted within the chamber and excluded otherwise. Once the base was in place, we drove hollow PVC pipe legs into the permafrost and inserted an aluminum frame with foam campermount tape along the top edge for the plexiglass chamber and/or sleeve to rest upon, creating an airtight seal. The aluminum frame had taped to it semi-transparent, plastic skirt which extended to the ground (+30cm). We sealed the skirt to the tundra by weighting the skirt with heavy chains, pushing them firmly into the moss layer where possible and adding additional plastic materials as needed to ensure a good seal. We screwed the LiCor custom chamber head attachment over the holes drilled into the plexiglass chamber, again sealing with a rubber gasket. The air in the chamber was mixed using 4-8 small fans (depending on chamber height) powered by a 12v battery. At each plot we took measurements to create two light curves: one under direct light and one under diffuse light conditions. In order to determine the fraction of diffuse light, we used a DeltaT Beam Fraction Sensor (BF3, Delta-T Devices Ltd, Burwell Cambridge, UK) which quantifies the total irradianc and total diffuse light from which the diffuse light fraction (diffuse light/total light) can be calculated. For each day of flux measurements, the BF3 logged an instantaneous reading every 30-60 seconds set up on a leveled tripod at approximately 2 m above the ground. For the purpose of correlating the diffuse light fraction with each flux measurement, the LiCor 6400 and BF3 sensor were synchronized to read the same time (+/- 1 sec) at the start of each day. Different light levels for both diffuse and direct light curves were achieved by taking measurements under a variety of conditions: ambient light (no manipulation), successive shading levels (covering the chamber with 1-5 fine mesh net cloths), and intercepting direct light with photographic diffuser panels, as well as reflecting light into the chamber to increase the amount of diffuse light with white photographic panels. When the diffuser panels were used, they were carefully positioned to intercept all direct light that would otherwise enter the chamber. Whenwhite reflector panels were used, they were positioned on the side of the chamber opposite the sun and angled towards the chamber so as to increase the amount of diffuse light entering the chamber (these were used in conjuction with the diffuser panels). For these 'artificial' diffuse light measurements, we did not diffuse the BF3 sensor, thus the diffuse fraction calculations during these flux measurements do not represent the light conditions in the chamber. After field tests of using the diffuser and reflector panels, we determined that the panels effectively block all direct light, and thus we assume the diffuse light fraction is greater than 0.7 for these measurements. At each light level a flux measurement lasted 45 - 60 secs in total, with CO2 and H2O concentrations in the chamber recorded by the LiCor 6400 every 2 secs. After each measurement we lifted the chamber until CO2 and H2O concentrations had stabilized at ambient levels. We made an effort to obtain a wide range of flux measurements for light levels between 0-1600, and used whatever chamber light treatments were needed to achieve that based on the ambient light conditions. In addition to light measurements, we made at least three measurements in the dark for each day we took flux measurements. These were achieved by covering the chamber in an opaque tarpaulin cloth. These measurements represent the ecosystem respiration. After each light curve we determined chamber volume by taking depth measurements from the top of the chamber base to the ground. We measured the chamber base depth with 36 measurements made at regular 20cm intervals determined by placing a 1m x1m plastic frame with a 20cm x 20cm string grid on top of the base. The volume determined by these depth measurements (chamber surface area*average depth) was added to the volume of the plexiglass chamber (and sleeve, as needed) . The surface area of the inside of the 1 m x 1 m plexiglass chamber was 0.8836m2. For measurements with a linear change in CO2 (r2>0.97), NEP is calculated from the last 45 seconds of the measurement. [The first 12 seconds of data were always discarded as the LiCor 6400 bases its flux calculations on 10sec averages.] When abnormalities in CO2 slope were observed due to leaks, very small changes in CO2, or changes in light levels, certain portions of the measurement were discaded. CO2 slope was always taken from contiguous data points (i.e. points were never removed from the middle of the measurement period). Often at low light levels near the light compensation point, very small changes in CO2 resulted in measurements within the detection limits of the LiCor 6400, and large segments of the measurement had to be discarded to use a representative, linear segment of the data. All other variablels (H2O flux, pressure, chamber air temperature, CO2 concentration, PAR, PAR range) are calculated over the same time window as NEP. These variables were computed as the average over the course of the measurement. Each flux measurement was placed in one of four categories: direct, diffuse, intermediate, or respiration. These categories are defined as follows: Direct (sunny measurements): diffuse light fraction < 0.40 Diffuse (cloudy or diffused-light): diffuse light fraction > 0.70 Intermediate (partial sun/cloud): 0.40 < diffuse light fraction < 0.70 Respiration (dark): measurements taken in complete darkness; used for all light curve calculations NDVI UNISPEC DATA We measured NDVI on each flux a single channel Unipec spectral analysis system (PP Systems Inc, Amesbury, MA, USA). The unispec spectral analyser measures reflected light intensity in 256 portions of the visible spectrum from ~300nm to ~1100nm. A foreoptic cable transmits light reflected from the target to the instrument, a measurement scan lasts for ~10ms. Nine scans were measured in a regular grid for each of the flux plots. The end of the fibre optic was kept approximately 30cm vertically above the top of the canopy. The NDVI values were calculated using the equation below and then the NDVI values averaged together for each of the nine scans. Each scan was corrected for both incident radiation as well as sensor error. The incident radiation was accounted fo with a "reference scan" taken by holding the foreoptic cable vertically above a white, reference standard under the same light conditions as subsequent measurements. The scans were also corrected for with a "dark scan" taken with the sensor exposed to complete darkness (covering the sensor input with a black cloth) to account for the intrinsic error in the sensor itself. The program Multispec5.1.5.exe was used to compile and integrate the Unispec reflectance spectra from the raw target spectra. LAI SUNSCAN DATA The methods used to collect leaf area index (LAI) estimates at many heights within each canopy were the same used to collect PAR (see "SunScan_PAR_Data"). We measured the LAI using a DeltaT SunScan wand in conjuction with the BF3 sensor (Delta-T Devices Ltd, Burwell Cambridge, UK). The SunScan wand compares indident light readings measured on the BF3 sensor with the 64-PAR readings on the light wand to calculate LAI along the length of the 1m-long wand. LAI was measured by inserting the SunScan wand as near to the ground as possible--typically ~5cm from the ground as the wand rested on top of moss--and then measured vertically every 15 cm with the last measurement being above the canopy. Measurements were taken from the side of the chamber or point frame opposite the sun at three locations under both direct (ambient) and diffuse light conditions . In many cases the replicates at each height were differentiated by row (1-3, or occasionaly 3-8 which correspond to the point frame pins). Typically diffuse light conditions were achieved by shading both the BF3 sensor and the shrub canopy with photographic diffuser panels. On occasion, measurements were taken during cloudy light conditions where the diffuse light fraction was greater than 0.7 and no diffuser panel was needed; on these occasions the direct and diffuse light estimates may have been taken in slightly different locations as they were taken at different times and the precise position of the SunScan wand could not be replicated exactly. The SunScan wand measures PAR along 64 points along a 1-m horizontal profile. When sampling PAR within the shrub canopy, the data are from the raw output from each PAR sensor. When sampling LAI, there is an internal calculation performed though the Delta-T software that compares the reading above the canopy to the reading within the canopy, and takes into account the percent of absorbed PAR (assumed to be 0.85), and the ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution parameter (ELADP*) (assumed to be 1.0). While the LAI data from each height in the chamber flux canopies are available, the data here are only from the lowest, ground-level measurements (~5cm) to represent the canopy LAI. CALCULATIONS: Fluxes are calculated from the slope of chamber CO2 (umol mol-1) [or H2O (mmol mol-1)] concentration against time. NEP = rho x vol x dCdry/dt rho = P_av x 1000 SA R T where NEP = net CO2 flux [umol m-2 s-1] rho = air density [mol/m3] P_av = pressure [kPa] R = ideal gas consant 8.314 [J mol K-1] T = temperature [K] = Temp_av [0c] + 273. vol = chamber volume {m3} dCdry/dt = slope of chamber water-dilution-corrected CO2 conc against time [umol mol-1 s-1] SA = chamber surface area [m2] = 0.8836 For net fluxes, a negative flux represents CO2 uptake by vegetation, a positive flux represents CO2 loss from the ecosystem to the atmosphere. RE = NEP during dark measurement GEP = RE - NEP NDVI = (RII-RI) (RI + RII) where RI = average reflectance from 570nm to 680nm RII = average reflectance from 725nm to 1000nm.

Data Table

Variable Name	Variable Description	Data Type	Units	DateTime Format	Code Information	Missing Value Code
YEAR	year of measurement	datetime		YYYY
DATE	date of measurement	datetime		DD-MMM-YY
SITE	Toolik	text
GROUP	Measurement location in relation to Toolik Lake LTER Shrub plots; In vicinity of Block1 =Upland | IVO Block 2 =Outlet	text
PLOT	Individual plot identifier	text
TREAT	none or fertilised annually (FERT) (with N and P)	text
PHASE	Measurement series (round of measurements within each year); Not used for this dataset	number	number			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
PLOT SIZE	1m x 1m chamber size	text
CURVE ID	Light curve identifier; Not used for this dataset	text
OBSNUM	Individual flux measurement identifier	number	number			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
START TIME	24-hr time of start of light curve	datetime		HH24:Mi:SS
LIGHT TREATMENT	Combination of light treatment (shade cloths and diffuser panels) used for flux measurement	text
PRESSURE	average barometric pressure	number	kilopascal			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
CH_AIRTEMP	average chamber air temperature (degrees Celsius)	number	celsius			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
CO2	average chamber CO2 concentration (umol CO2 per mole air)	number	partPerMillion			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
H20	average chamber H2O concentration (mmol H2o per mole air)	number	millimolePerMole			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
PAR	average incident photosynthetic active radiation (umol PAR per meter squared ground per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
PAR RANGE	range of incident PAR values recorded during measurement (umol PAR per meter squared ground per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
NDVI	normalised difference vegetation index	number	dimensionless			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
NEP	net ecosystem productivity (umol CO2 per meter squared per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
H2Oflux	H2O flux (mmol H2O per meter squared per second)	number	millimolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
RE	average measured ecosystem respiration (umol CO2 per meter squared per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
GEP	gross ecosystem productivity (umol CO2 per meter squared per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
uncorrected NEP	uncorrected net ecosystem productivity measured with the LiCor 6200 (umol CO2 per meter squared per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
DIRECT LAI-5cm	LAI estimate taken under DIRECT light at 5cm from ground (square meter leaf per square meter ground)	number	meterSquaredPerMeterSquared			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
DIFFUSE LAI-5cm	LAI estimate taken under DIFFUSE light at 5cm from ground (square meter leaf per square meter ground)	number	meterSquaredPerMeterSquared			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
LiCor FILE NAME	LiCor data file name of the original data file for each flux measurement (.xlsx format)	text
BF3 TOT IRRAD	Total irradiation measured with DeltaT Beam Fraction sensor (umol PAR per meter squared per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
BF3 DIFFUSE IRRAD	Total diffuse light measured with DeltaT Beam Fraction sensor (umol diffuse light per meter squared per second)	number	micromolePerMeterSquaredPerSecond			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
DIRECT:DIFFUSE LIGHT FRACTION	Diffuse light divided by total irradiance (umol diffuse light per umol total irradiance)	number	dimensionless			NaN=Missing or Not Measured
NATURAL LIGHT CONDITION	Description of the ambient light condition during the flux measurement	text
DOM VEG	Dominant canopy vegetation	text
LIGHT CURVE	Light curve each flux measurement is associated with	text
COMMENTS	Notes on flux and NDVI measurements	text
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