uid=ARC,o=lter,dc=ecoinformatics,dc=org all public read 2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.02 Arctic LTER Program Gaius Shaver

Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole MA 02543 United States

Arctic LTER Program

The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Lab 7 MBL St Woods Hole MA 02543 USA

(508) 289 7496 arc_im@mbl.edu http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/ Edward Rastetter

Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole MA 02543 United States

Associated Researcher Mathew Williams

University of Edinburgh School of Geosciences Darwin Building Edinburgh EH9 EJU United Kingdom

Associated Researcher James Laundre

Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole MA 02543 United States

Data Manager Laura van der Pol

Ecosystems Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole MA 02543 United States

Field Crew 2013 Maximum canopy height measurements for deciduous shrub canopies sampled for both 1m x 1mc hamber flux polots (n=14) and point frame plots (n=19) in the summer of 2012 near LTER shrub plots at Toolik Lake, AK. The canopies were dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana species, and plot locations were preferentially selected for tall canopies (height > 75 cm). The methods for the chamber flux and point frames are outlined here briefly, though the data from these measurements are contained in separate files. photosynthesis shrub canopy height flux measurement point frame Acceptance and utilization of LTER data requires that: The Principal Investigator be sent a notice stating reasons for acquiring any data and a description of the publication intentions. The Principal Investigator of the data set be sent a copy of the report or manuscript prior to submission and be adequately cited in any resultant publications A copy of any resultant publications should be sent to: Principal Investigator Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/meta_template.php?FileName=./terrest/tracegas/xlsfiles/2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.html Upland site; co-located in Block 1 of the Shrub LTER sites; IVO 68° 38'18.8" N, 149° 34' 07.2" W +/- 50m. Except for plots marked "FERT", plots are outside of the designated LTER treatments, though are exposed to the same environmental conditions. All plots were chosen by the dominant shrub canopy (either Salix pulchraor Betula nana) and preferentially selected to be 90cm+ in height. -149.568666666666 -149.568666666666 68.6385555555555 68.6385555555555 Outlet site; co-located in Block 2 of the Shrub LTER sites; IVO 68° 38'008.1" N, 149° 35' 017.1" W +/- 50m. Except for plots marked "FERT", plots are outside of the designated LTER treatments, though are exposed to the same environmental conditions. All plots were chosen by the dominant shrub canopy (either Salix pulchraor Betula nana) and preferentially selected to be 90cm+ in height. -149.588083333333 -149.588083333333 68.6355833333333 68.6355833333333 2012-06-23 2012-08-07 Organisms Studied Genus Betula Species nana Genus Salix Species pulchra Genus Salix Species glauca This was a season-long project, though it followed similar methods to ITEX projects performed starting in 2003 that are likely to be replicated in the future for reasearch at the Toolik Field Station, AK. Updated Metadata sheet Version 2: Updated metadata to newer version (with sites sheet). CH April 2013. Version 3: Corrected the extension of the eml Excel file - it was saved as .xls instead of .xlsx JimL 17May13 Data Manager

The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Lab 7 MBL St Woods Hole MA 02543 USA

(508) 289 7496 arc_im@mbl.edu http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/ ARC LTER

The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Lab 7 MBL St Woods Hole MA 02543 USA

(508) 289 7496 arc_im@mbl.edu http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/ MAXIMUM CANOPY HEIGHT FOR CHAMBER FLUX AND POINT FRAME PLOTS We measured the maximum canopy height of each 1m x 1m chamber flux and point frame plot by measuring the five highest branches in the shrub canopy. Each height is measured from the soil, defined as the end of the green plant tissue, to the heighest point on each branch. The maximum height was always measured from different individual plants, thus only one branch from any particular plant was sampled even if there might be multiple "highest" branches from a single plant. The species of each sample is recorded as "MaxHghtSPP" (replicates 1-5). CHAMBER FLUX MEASUREMENTS CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured using a Licor 6400 photosynthesis system (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) connected to a 1m x 1m plexiglass chamber in canopies dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana shrub species. The height of the chamber varied depending on the height of the canopy being measured; chamber bases were constructed of PVC pipe to accomodate canopies with heights up to 125 cm. In addition to the plexiglass chamber, we also constructed a plexiglass "sleeve" that could extend the height of the rigid portion of the chamber by 0.25m. To set up each chamber, a location was chosen where the base would be level enough to ensure a complete seal with the plexiglass chamber and shrub branches could be moved either in or out of the chamber without creating large gaps in the canopy inside the chamber. Branches were included within the chamber if they were rooted within the chamber and excluded otherwise. Once the base was in place, we drove hollow PVC pipe legs into the permafrost and inserted an aluminum frame with foam campermount tape along the top edge for the plexiglass chamber and/or sleeve to rest upon, creating an airtight seal. The aluminum frame had taped to it semi-transparent, plastic skirt which extended to the ground (+30cm). We sealed the skirt to the tundra by weighting the skirt with heavy chains, pushing them firmly into the moss layer where possible and adding additional plastic materials as needed to ensure a good seal. We screwed the LiCor custom chamber head attachment over the holes drilled into the plexiglass chamber, again sealing with a rubber gasket. The air in the chamber was mixed using 4-8 small fans (depending on chamber height) powered by a 12v battery. At each plot we took measurements to create two light curves: one under direct light and one under diffuse light conditions. In order to determine the fraction of diffuse light, we used a DeltaT Beam Fraction Sensor (BF3, Delta-T Devices Ltd, Burwell Cambridge, UK) which quantifies the total irradianc and total diffuse light from which the diffuse light fraction (diffuse light/total light) can be calculated. For each day of flux measurements, the BF3 logged an instantaneous reading every 30-60 seconds set up on a leveled tripod at approximately 2 m above the ground. For the purpose of correlating the diffuse light fraction with each flux measurement, the LiCor 6400 and BF3 sensor were synchronized to read the same time (+/- 1 sec) at the start of each day. Different light levels for both diffuse and direct light curves were achieved by taking measurements under a variety of conditions: ambient light (no manipulation), successive shading levels (covering the chamber with 1-5 fine mesh net cloths), and intercepting direct light with photographic diffuser panels, as well as reflecting light into the chamber to increase the amount of diffuse light with white photographic panels. When the diffuser panels were used, they were carefully positioned to intercept all direct light that would otherwise enter the chamber. Whenwhite reflector panels were used, they were positioned on the side of the chamber opposite the sun and angled towards the chamber so as to increase the amount of diffuse light entering the chamber (these were used in conjuction with the diffuser panels). For these 'artificial' diffuse light measurements, we did not diffuse the BF3 sensor, thus the diffuse fraction calculations during these flux measurements do not represent the light conditions in the chamber. After field tests of using the diffuser and reflector panels, we determined that the panels effectively block all direct light, and thus we assume the diffuse light fraction is greater than 0.7 for these measurements. At each light level a flux measurement lasted 45 - 60 secs in total, with CO2 and H2O concentrations in the chamber recorded by the LiCor 6400 every 2 secs. After each measurement we lifted the chamber until CO2 and H2O concentrations had stabilized at ambient levels. We made an effort to obtain a wide range of flux measurements for light levels between 0-1600, and used whatever chamber light treatments were needed to achieve that based on the ambient light conditions. In addition to light measurements, we made at least three measurements in the dark for each day we took flux measurements. These were achieved by covering the chamber in an opaque tarpaulin cloth. These measurements represent the ecosystem respiration. After each light curve we determined chamber volume by taking depth measurements from the top of the chamber base to the ground. We measured the chamber base depth with 36 measurements made at regular 20cm intervals determined by placing a 1m x1m plastic frame with a 20cm x 20cm string grid on top of the base. The volume determined by these depth measurements (chamber surface area*average depth) was added to the volume of the plexiglass chamber (and sleeve, as needed) . The surface area of the inside of the 1 m x 1 m plexiglass chamber was 0.8836m2. POINT FRAME MEASUREMENTS We preferentially selected tall shrub canopies dominated either by Betula nana or Salix pulchra, that is canopies that were greater than 75 cm height. Care was taken to select fairly uniform canopies, that is avoiding the edge of a shrub stand or areas where the canopy had a large gaps, suggesting the area may have been disturbed. We used point frames constructed from a 1.1 m x 1.1 m aluminum square with holes in each corner to accomodate steel rod posts used as the legs of the point frame. In this way, the frame could rest upon the four leg posts that had been hammered into the ground and remain adjustable in each corner. The frame had a level on each side, and great care was taken to ensure that the frame was (a) unable to be pushed deeper into the ground and, (b) level on all four sides prior to taking measurements. These factors were important to the measurement to have accurate data regarding the distance from the frame and the overall height of each point sampled in the canopy. The aluminum frame had numbered, regularly spaced holes on two opposite sides in order to accomodate a metal bar that could be placed across the frame and locked into place. [These holes on the frame are the row numbers.] The bar that was placed across the frame similarly had numbered, evenly spaced holes in order to accomodate a pin--a long (100-200cm) metal rod with a diameter of ~3.175 mm. [The holes on this bar are the pin hole numbers.] Measurements were only ever taken from odd row numbers, and alternated even/odd pin hole numbers with each row; in this way, for every plot 25 evenly spaced locations were sampled covering an area of one square meter. The length of the pin was marked every half-centimeter so that the distance could be read easily. Measurements were made by lowering the pin through a pin hole and, once encountering a leaf or stem, recording the following: row#, pin hole#, hit#, and the species hit. If the object hit was not a leaf, the plant tissue was noted; the diameter of each stem hit was estimated in millimeters, and the length of every graminoid blade hit was recorded from the point at which it was hit to the tip. As the primary species of interest for this project were for a select number of species (B. nana, S. pulchra, S. glauca, S. reticulata, V. uliginosum, V. vitis, L. palustre), species that were not the target of interest were classified as functional groups--e.g. graminoid spp., forb, moss. The last pin-hit recorded for each pin hole was always at the "soil" which was considered to be the transition between the green and brown plant material, often in a mossy layer. These data can be used in conjunction with the other data collected from these same plots--leaf area index, light and A-Ci response curves of shoots taken at different segments of the canopy. pers-1 Gus Shaver

The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Lab 7 MBL St Woods Hole MA 02543 USA

(508) 289 7496 gshaver@mbl.edu Lead PI Jim Laundre

The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Lab 7 MBL St Woods Hole MA 02543 USA

(508) 289 7496 arc_imr@mbl.edu Information Manager The goal of Arctic LTER project is to predict the future ecological characteristics of the site based upon our knowledge of the controls of ecosystem structure and function as exerted by physical setting and geologic factors, climatic factors, biotic factors, and the changes in fluxes of water and materials from land to water. To achieve this goal the Arctic LTER uses several approaches: Long-term monitoring and surveys of natural variation of ecosystem characteristics in space and time. Includes: climate, plant communities and productivity, thaw depth, stream flow, chemistry of streams and lakes, temperatures of streams and lakes, lake chlorophyll lake productivity, zooplankton abundance. Experimental manipulation of ecosystems for years and decades. Includes: tundra warming, shading, and fertilizing, grazer exclusions, fertilization of lakes and streams, addition and subtraction of predators. Synthesis of results and predictive modeling at ecosystem and watershed scales. Includes: stream N cycling, lake physics, bioenergetics of fish populations, water movement and transfer of DOC and nutrients from land to water, soil respiration, cycling and storage of C in tundra under different scenarios of future climates. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants #DEB-981022, 9211775, 8702328; #OPP-9911278, 9911681, 9732281, 9615411, 9615563, 9615942, 9615949, 9400722, 9415411, 9318529; #BSR 9019055, 8806635, 8507493. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The Arctic LTER research site (68°N and 149°W) is in the foothills region of the North Slope of Alaska and includes the entire Toolik Lake watershed and the adjacent watershed of the upper Kuparuk River, down to the confluence of these two watersheds. This area is typical of the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, with continuous permafrost, no trees, a complete snow cover for 7 to 9 months, winter ice cover on lakes, streams, and ocean, and cessation of river flow during the winter. Tussock tundra vegetation of sedges and grasses mixed with dwarf birch and low willows form the dominant vegetation type with areas of drier heath tundra on ridge tops and other well-drained sites as well as areas of river-bottom willow communities. -149.75 -149.0433 68.8 68.5 610 1360 meter 2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.csv Maximum canopy height from 14 flux canopy and 19 point frame plots sampled near the shrub LTER sites at Toolik Field Station, Alaska, summer 2012. 2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.csv 1 \r\n column , " http://metacat.lternet.edu/das/dataAccessServlet?docid=knb-lter-arc.10149&urlTail=terrest/tracegas/data/2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.csv YEAR YEAR year of measurement yyyy #N/A Missing or Not Measured DATE DATE date of measurement dd-mon-yy #N/A Missing or Not Measured SITE SITE Toolik Toolik GROUP GROUP Measurement location in relation to Toolik Lake LTER Shrub plots; In vicinity of Block1 =Upland, IVO Block 2 =Outlet Measurement location in relation to Toolik Lake LTER Shrub plots; In vicinity of Block1 =Upland, IVO Block 2 =Outlet PLOT PLOT Individual plot identifier Individual plot identifier TREAT TREAT none or fertilised annually (FERT) (with N and P) none or fertilised annually (FERT) (with N and P) PHASE PHASE Measurement series (round of measurements within each year); not used in this dataset number real #N/A Missing or Not Measured PLOT SIZE PLOT SIZE 1m x 1m chamber or point frame size 1m x 1m chamber or point frame size MaxHght_mean MaxHght_mean mean of maximum chanopy height (cm) centimeter real #N/A Not Measured MaxHght_1 MaxHght_1 replicate 1 of maximum canopy height (cm) centimeter real #N/A Not Measured MaxHght_2 MaxHght_2 replicate 2 of maximum canopy height (cm) centimeter real #N/A Not Measured MaxHght_3 MaxHght_3 replicate 3 of maximum canopy height (cm) centimeter real #N/A Not Measured MaxHght_4 MaxHght_4 replicate 4 of maximum canopy height (cm) centimeter real #N/A Not Measured MaxHght_5 MaxHght_5 replicate 5 of maximum canopy height (cm) centimeter real #N/A Not Measured MaxHghtSPP_1 MaxHghtSPP_1 species of maximum canopy height 1 species of maximum canopy height 1 MaxHghtSPP_2 MaxHghtSPP_2 species of maximum canopy height 2 species of maximum canopy height 2 MaxHghtSPP_3 MaxHghtSPP_3 species of maximum canopy height 3 species of maximum canopy height 3 MaxHghtSPP_4 MaxHghtSPP_4 species of maximum canopy height 4 species of maximum canopy height 4 MaxHghtSPP_5 MaxHghtSPP_5 species of maximum canopy height 5 species of maximum canopy height 5 DOM VEG DOM VEG Dominant canopy vegetation Dominant canopy vegetation MeasurementType MeasurementType Type of measurement Type of measurement MaxHght_Comments MaxHght_Comments additional notes additional notes 33 2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.xlsx An excel file that has worksheets with the metadata and data. 2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.xlsx Microsoft Excel http://metacat.lternet.edu/das/dataAccessServlet?docid=knb-lter-arc.10149&urlTail=terrest/tracegas/xlsfiles/2012_GS_ITEX_MaxCanopyHeight.xlsx Microsoft Excel file